However, there are many other cannabinoids known to be present in cannabis and hemp for which commercial reference standards are available, including cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), and Δ 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 8-THC) (Fig. Many of the methods currently in use focus primarily on the four major cannabinoids, Δ 9-THC, Δ 9-THCA, CBD, CBDA, and CBN, to satisfy testing and labeling requirements for cannabis and to meet the regulatory guidelines for hemp. However, associations such as AOAC, ASTM, and US Pharmacopeia are working towards developing standardized methods to help resolve this issue. The lack of standardization in cannabis testing has resulted in a wide variety of methods being used, which has undoubtedly contributed to the high variability of results between testing laboratories. With the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada and medicinal cannabis in many other jurisdictions, a large number of analytical laboratories servicing the cannabis industry have emerged to address the growing need for cannabis testing. It is suitable for a wide range of applications including routine analysis for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ 9-THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabinol (CBN) as well as more advanced interrogation of samples for both major and minor cannabinoids. The method provides enhanced detection limits coupled with a large quantitative range for 17 cannabinoids in plant material. Repeatability (1.5 to 12.4% RSD) and intermediate precision (2.2 to 12.8% RSD) were demonstrated via analysis of seven cannabis samples with HorRat values ranging from 0.3 to 3.1.
Within-batch precision (0.2 to 3.6%) and accuracy (85.4 to 111.6%) and between-batch precision (1.4 to 6.1 %) and accuracy (90.2 to 110.3%) were also evaluated with a candidate cannabis certified reference material (CRM). Within-batch precision (0.5 to 6.5%) and accuracy (91.4 to 108.0%) and between-batch precision (0.9 to 5.1%) and accuracy (91.5 to 107.5%) were demonstrated for quality control (QC) samples in methanol. Linearity of calibration curves in methanol was demonstrated with regression r 2 ≥ 0.99. Liquid-solid sample extraction coupled with dilution into a calibration range from 10 to 10,000 ng/mL and LC-MS/MS analysis provides quantification of samples ranging from 0.002 to 200 mg/g (0.0002 to 20.0%) in matrix. We have developed and validated a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that is simple, reliable, specific, and accurate for the analysis of 17 cannabinoids in cannabis and hemp. The increase in production of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes in recent years has led to a corresponding increase in laboratories performing cannabinoid analysis of cannabis and hemp.
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